In Algerian law, institutions are divided into several main groups, each playing a specific role:
1. Constitutional Institutions:
These are established directly by the Constitution to organize and balance power:
President of the Republic: Head of State and the symbol of national unity.
Government (Prime Minister and Ministers): Manages the country's daily political and administrative affairs.
People’s National Assembly: The lower house of Parliament; it creates and passes laws.
Council of the Nation: The upper house of Parliament; reviews and approves legislation.
Constitutional Court: Ensures that laws and elections comply with the Constitution.
High Council of the Magistracy: Guarantees the independence of the judiciary.
High Council of Security: Advises the President on national security matters.
Court of Auditors: Oversees how public money is used and checks government spending.
2. Administrative Institutions:
These are responsible for managing public services and government operations:
Wilayas: Regional administrative divisions led by governors (Walis).
Communes: Local government units managing community services.
Ministries: National bodies responsible for specific sectors (health, education, justice ...).
Regulatory Authorities: Bodies that oversee sectors like telecommunications to ensure fair practices.
3. Judicial Institutions:
These institutions apply the law and settle disputes:
First Instance Courts: Handle everyday civil and criminal cases.
Courts of Appeal: Review decisions made by lower courts.
Supreme Court: The highest judicial authority for civil and criminal matters.
Administrative Courts: Deal with cases involving public authorities.
Council of State: Acts as the highest court for administrative disputes.
Military Courts: Handle cases involving members of the armed forces.
4. Independent Authorities and Bodies:
Created to act neutrally and protect key rights:
National Independent Authority for Elections: Organizes and supervises elections and referendums.
High Authority for Transparency, Prevention, and Fight Against Corruption: Monitors public integrity and fights corruption.
National Human Rights Council: Promotes and defends human rights across the country.
Audiovisual Regulatory Authority: Oversees media and broadcasting to ensure diversity and fairness.
High Council for Youth: Represents and promotes the interests of young people in policymaking.
5. Financial Institutions:
They ensure financial stability and economic regulation:
Bank of Algeria: The country's central bank; manages monetary policy and the national currency.
Public and Private Banks: Provide banking services to citizens and businesses.
National Agency for Investment Development: Supports and promotes investment in Algeria.
Court of Auditors: Also classified here for its role in monitoring the use of public funds.