In Algerian law, institutions can refer broadly to the organized structures that exercise public authority, provide services, or regulate different sectors. They are shaped mainly by the Constitution, laws, and regulatory acts. Algeria recognizes several types of institutions, which can be grouped into categories:
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1. Political Institutions
These are created by the Constitution and are fundamental for the organization of power:
The Presidency of the Republic: Head of State.
Parliament (Bicameral):
People’s National Assembly (lower house)
Council of the Nation (upper house)
Government: Headed by the Prime Minister (or First Minister).
Constitutional Court: Ensures constitutionality of laws and resolves institutional conflicts.
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2. Judicial Institutions
Independent judiciary bodies to ensure the application of the law:
Supreme Court (Cour Suprême): Highest court in civil and criminal matters.
Council of State (Conseil d’État): Highest court for administrative matters.
Courts of Appeal and Tribunals (first instance courts).
High Council of the Judiciary: Oversees judges’ careers and independence.
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3. Consultative Institutions
Advisory bodies created by law or Constitution:
Economic, Social, and Environmental Council (CNESE): Advises on economic and social policies.
High Council of Youth: Consults on youth-related issues.
High Council of Amazighity: Promotes Tamazight language and culture.
National Human Rights Council: Monitors human rights in Algeria.
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4. Independent Authorities
Created to supervise specific activities and ensure neutrality:
National Independent Authority for Elections (ANIE): Organizes and supervises elections.
Audiovisual Regulatory Authority (ARAV): Regulates media.
Authority for Transparency, Prevention, and Fight against Corruption.
Data Protection Authority (under creation to align with digital laws).
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5. Military Institutions
Recognized by the Constitution as part of national security:
People’s National Army (ANP): The official military body.
High Security Council: Consultative body for national security.
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6. Territorial Institutions
Local governance structures:
Communes (municipalities)
Wilayas (provinces or states) — governed by Walis (governors) and local assemblies.
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7. Other Specialized Institutions
Depending on sectors:
Bank of Algeria (Central Bank)
Court of Auditors: Controls public finances.
National Observatory for Civil Society.